tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39629182225321474642024-03-12T23:16:43.808-07:008085 MicroprocessorAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-4692527292475610352013-05-15T13:40:00.001-07:002013-05-15T13:49:38.301-07:00intel 8255 pin diagram<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PA0- PA7: port a, it is 8 bit bi-directional i/o pins.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PB0-PB7: port b, It is 8 bit bi-directional i/o pins.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PC0-PC7: port c, It is also a bi-directional i/o pins. It is divided in two sections: PC0-PC3 and PC4-PC7. These two section can be used to transfer 4 bit data.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">D0-D7: data pins for data transfer</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">RESET: reset input, It is used to reset 8255 ic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">RD-bar: read input, it is used to coordination with other signals to send data through data lines.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">WR-bar: write input, used in coordination with other signals to send data to 8255.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A1-A0: address pins</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">00-Port A</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">01-Port B</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10-Port C</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11-Control Reigster</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">CS-bar: chip select</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-4915391695320694912013-05-15T13:40:00.000-07:002013-05-15T13:45:48.018-07:008255 block diagram<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img border="0" height="142" src="http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/tscarff/8255PPI/8255ppi.gif" width="200" /><br />
<br />
It has been divided in two section: Group A and Group B. Each of 12 bits.<br />
<br />
Group A: PA0-PA7 & PC4-PC7(port C upper)<br />
<br />
Group B: PB0-PB7 & PC0-PC3(por C lower)<br />
<br />
Each group can be programmed separately.<br />
<br />
The GA and GB control block receives commands from r/w control logic to accept bit pattern from CPU.<br />
<br />
GA(Group A) controls GA ports and GB controls GB ports.<br />
<br />
The function of port a and port b is decided by the control bit pattern available in GA and GB control register.<br />
<br />
Function of port a and b are also dependent on the mode of operation.<br />
<br />
Port C can be programmed separately for port c upper and port c lower.<br />
<br />
The port C function is also dependent on the mode of operation.<br />
<br />
It can be used as simple i/o, handshaking signals and status signal inputs.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-3418930880575161412013-05-15T11:47:00.003-07:002013-05-15T13:45:48.015-07:008255 programmable periferal interface<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8255 is a programmable peripheral interface.</span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It contains three i/o port that can be programmed in
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</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is a general purpose programmable parallel i/o device.</span></div>
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</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It contains s a control register that can be programmed to
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they should operate.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is a programmable parallel i/o device.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It consists of three input/output ports each of 8 bits. It
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It also provides facility for the direct set and reset for
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-49095948870336776412013-05-14T09:02:00.003-07:002013-05-14T09:32:48.977-07:008155 Timer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The 8155 timer consists of two 8-bit registers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. 8-bit LSB and 8-bit MSB.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. In these 16 bits, 14 bits are used for counter and two bit for mode
selection.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. The counter is a 14 bit down counter. It can operate in 4 different modes of
operation.</span><br />
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<br />
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<br />
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<tbody>
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<td colspan="8" style="background: white; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timer MSB:</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M1</span></div>
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<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T12</span></div>
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<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T11</span></div>
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<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T8</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timer LSB:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T2</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T1</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We can select mode using two bits M2 and M1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>M2 M1</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">00(Mode 0)- Single Square Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">01(Mode 1)- Square Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10(Mode 2)- Single Pulse on TC(terminal count)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11(Mode 3)- Pulse every TC</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> Mode 0:</b> In this mode, timer gives only one cycle of square wave, the output remains high for 1/2 count and remain s low for 1/2 count. If count is odd it remains high for (n+1)/2 and low for (n-1)/2. Where n is count value. Wave width depends on two factor: one is Input clock pulse frequency, and the other is count loaded in counter.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="http://www.thesatya.com/images/8155m0.png" class="decoded" src="http://www.thesatya.com/images/8155m0.png" /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Mode 1:</b> This mode is similar to single square wave in operation but the when counter becomes zero, the count value is automatically reloaded. Thus it provides continuous square wave.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br />
<img alt="http://www.thesatya.com/images/8155m1.png" class="decoded" src="http://www.thesatya.com/images/8155m1.png" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Mode 2: </b>This mode gives a single clock pulse as a output of the end of the count.The output is high normally, but it becomes low for 1 clock pulse and again it will become high and remain high.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Mode 3:</b> This mode is similar to mode 2 but when the counter becomes zero the count value is automatically reloaded. Thus it provides continuous pulses.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-43590186715874655812013-05-14T08:46:00.000-07:002013-05-14T08:49:54.904-07:008155 Control Register<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<br />
<br />
Control register also called command register.<br />
It is a 8-bit which defines different functions.<br />
It defines the function of different ports such as input, output or handshaking mode.<br />
It also defines timer command for timer to start and stop.<br />
<br />
<b>Timer command:</b><br />
<br />
00 -No effect<br />
01 -Stop counting if timer is running. No operation if counter is not running.<br />
10 -Stop after terminal counter is reached.<br />
11 -Start timer if timer is not running. If timer is running reload the TC and then continue.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Interrupt Enable for PA and PB(D4 and D5):</b><br />
<br />
1- enable<br />
0- disable<br />
<br />
<b>Input or output for PA and PB respectively:</b><br />
<br />
1-output<br />
0-input</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-77372133328401731732013-05-14T08:29:00.002-07:002013-05-14T08:49:44.012-07:008155 functional Block Diagram<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img alt="http://www.thesatya.com/images/blk8155.png" class="decoded" src="http://www.thesatya.com/images/blk8155.png" /><br />
<br />
<br />
This section has 256x8 Memory. It means 256 location of 8 bit each.<br />
<br />
When CE-bar=0, IO/M-bar=0 and ALE is activated the address in AD0-AD7 are latched and will be provided to 256 memory location.<br />
<br />
<table class="truthtable" style="height: 170px; width: 253px;"><tbody>
<tr class="regheader">
<td>A2</td><td>A1</td><td>A0</td><td>Port</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>Command/status reg.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>PA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>PB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>PC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>Timer LSB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>Timer MSB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-78820688857797313332013-05-14T08:04:00.001-07:002013-05-14T08:48:29.740-07:008155 Pin diagram and pin description<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAOMAAAF3CAIAAADYbGv6AAASU0lEQVR4nO2cW5LbOgxEvafsfwd3T7ofkziKSEB8Sjhkn5pKSSRI9RA9NiUj/hxCEPi8LUCIIuRUwUBOFQzkVMFAThUM5FTBQE4VDORUwUBOFQzkVMFAThUM5FTBQE4VDORUwUBOFQzkVMFAThUM5FTBQE4VDORUwUBOFQzkVMFAThUM5FTBQE7t5bMEb6/iPQCJwXnbY2N4exXvAUgMzqRMF07bf3U5dRfk1GcASAzOvEzfzjzk0nJqaD6/rj9OwE3jzEw7k4+67nke51r9F+rkfQWvkLWmf3wZ8rd98mtSetMz9jZITg2N41TfxJn4R949592qp38GacDAyzUTQsTzVDnVn4Gyz7Oocmr2T2XG309G59TZw9Ls1If3qQ+QdV75se/ygYCXuAfnjmrz19SjzKl+4wzAS9yDY0c59fjjP8fBfuMMwEvcQ5VTI9xRzUNODc3tZjQ9fusp1Wws/be3Vk7jDMBL3MPtW3z2E4Hnn/w/QLlTv8G690eyqlOjAZAYHEqmLSj6ARKDQ8m0BUU/QGJwKJm2oOgHSAwOJdMWFP0AicGhZNqCoh8gMTiUTFtQ9AMkzqCtkvrc+/cYkmmLi/6BNeaDdc6aODYNldTnlrWdeg1orTEfC3iJe+ippN7WqbUVEWMBL3EPPfWpl5idnZqfUE4diJz6RU4NTVsldTZn6zm1p8Zcd1SDaauk3sSpZmRBAdo8wEvcQ0MltfVis7NTG/5XTzPgJe6hoZLaDNjGqYe9MrNtesipToDzHHtbpx65lbn9sGCMzimz7sRiTg0LQGJwKJm2oOgHSAwOJdMWFP0AicGhZNqCoh8gMTiUTFtQ9AMkBoeSaQuKfoDE4FAybUHRH1fiJ8dP+zfAGujPkO26ncq/Svvv+Tbp89TmGvPdP029+MC3yMWOhXNawc61FnbqNaDsc6mpBf+HnOq0XK51idnQqbddcqrp1CPnHjm1ih6nWpEzACxxj1Odfap/ley1rAM5tTCgB8AS+049cgbNDrxMknWwdemtnNpcSS2nTnGqNb9/rezlFnOqGSmn+sx2qhMpp/4TWfC/ducBWOJbp1rHk5x6JE8YNnHqpVfPU6/0ONXaj6beyrqtJH4rpx5HZv9aPrYH8BIHYTGnhgUgMTiUTFtQ9AMkBoeSaQuKfoDE4FAybUHRD5AYHEqmLSj6ARKDQ8m0BUU/QGJwKJm2oOgHSPSxnphmu5ze21F++4O/8WCuv76+k3oSqUs+9uP6zlHZgPWceg3Qd1IPQU7tpNypznfLZePHAl7iH0Y5taQrG7CzU7Ptcmoe36kl+9R0uDMqvaKcKqcW4XuxfIbyUcs7tbaSWk4twjFZlYG0T/19Wl9JLacW4bizajMqp/4+bfq2bj9sCOAl/kFO7aTcqZdePaWqw/ecv4staU+NuLNTjyOzfz036sl/XBZzalgAEoNDybQFRT9AYnAombag6AdIDA4l0xYU/QCJwaFk2oKiHyAxOJRMW1D0AyQGh5JpC4p+gMQZ9NcL/33uDcm0xfV56n+fy89tlzNkpM4Zk8an7ZuX818cspxTrwEnR1pdTssowEvcQ883L1975VS3ZRTgJe6hvwrzb7ucao8dCHiJe2hzan7zupNT/f2onDqegfXC6znVuaO6jnV7B+ucOntYGuqFrbD1nGpGyqnP01AvbDXKqf6oUYCXuIeB9cJyqj9qFOAl7mFgvfBWTi3fwg4HvMRBWMypYQFIDA4l0xYU/QCJwaFk2oKi/02JHz4HJ9MWFP0AicGhZNqCoh8gMTiUTFtQ9AMkBoeSaQuK/nD71J/2b4A10J8h2+VcPTv5pWWTfWpDJfWla5bOSfNWYXnFcVh2oDPnpcVxpz8we7qYU68Bd1V/z9T+hVjih52aHeX0yql+1wMfUB3xnXrpvbTIqf3IqRX0ODW7d0znTKct75VTvwfW//g7987SOWneKnynHjmDZgdeJsk62Bolp/4+ra+kfqZaJcQST3Lq7fz+RQuHr+dUM1J3VLOderjGvZ1TTrW65NSMabLHbU6tOi0xrpzqhw0hxBL3ONXajxY6zPKZ35VGur9faKqcuvuTfzSLOTUsAInBoWTagqIfIDE4lExbUPQDJL5Ldit83sVSMm1B0Q+QGBxKpi0o+gESg0PJtAVFP0BicCiZtqDoB0gcSO0j1XRIOhUl0xbp89TOSuqVn/w/xif38UH29Dg5Ndu1sFOvAQXfn6rvUBnM2V5O73H3kimn3nYNB7zEDbQ5Ndslp35bNqqkfgw5NaXKqVYltT73H0yhU0ssu7BTGyqp08bxOmdMGhY5NeX2NdXpygbLqQOQU1Pk1IiUPKVynl6VPxwA0e9UvfuPJ3XhFyfGP97KqaqkBrOYU8MCkBgcSqYtKPoBEoNDybQFRT9AYnAombag6C+S+KlktuhQ0H9lin6AxOBQMm1B0Q+QGBxKpi0o+kslWo8ey9/6rYG1s31ODzKdS/jXysZnL51tSUdZv3V8rlloqqQ+x8zSWRR09/R7yAyFs108ZF0l25L+YbQN9+dhkTr1GlBQn/o9fdOpTv4anNo/2yXe97pvtVqnZtvl1PNpLKeWdFlhA2frcWqhsBK1cur5OK5TU/wZBs7mHFjT+sLSyO8fQzp8T6c6+9ToTi26xszX1OyBNWf5a+rZo378ek6traTOHozXeR8R3qnHyVj+nP5p2lXi7PWcakbinOq/2/ozDJxNTh1Cv1NLnl4N0FkUNOi50tjZ0mlnvPvfxsupfssoSue17ipSsmNnzHbry3RaPz4baQ3f06nRn/wPuAw5lymplV8U0wlFv5zagpz6PM9JRCxHCdk9w1ti+qHoB0gMDiXTFhT9AImPkb2lcziPeld5DxT9AInBoWTagqIfIDE4lExbUPQDJD6G9f6edqWjHhc7jOtv2v2d1LN0TpqXSGq482bUilzPqdeAyu9P1bf9TKfcqZeuzZ1a0tgPeImHI6cecioCOfW4c6pfSa196kP4d1Rp8HnUcypHU3VHdR2r19RXcKy5lVPNSDk1CP4NvhUsp5Y09gNe4uGUO3Wrp1ROl55SvcPtC2e6fz02c6qe/INZzKlhAUgMDiXTFhT9AInBoWTagqIfIDE4lExbUPQDJAaHkmkLin6AxHmkH0pVcZ7k3V+kB4p+gMTgUDJtQdEPkDiPNENWi/WCenRnOjtnVozzim7NUC7g76kqqQOSWqGw8dzS49Tstaxps1fpfzlMnXoNUCV1BC7myLYcjzvV+ZvxZ2jT0OnUksZ+5NSITrW0+cObNcipAN516nf47T510ib1qHRqybdPyqmzsAzqGMXfUNZeuuQ021WyPSjRcHFqTyW17qgmUujU7PHxlFP9gbfxvgb/NdXpeuZe6vfk86amUOvUtEtO9QcOQU49Dncbenu63ru/GVlzszUcOfU46p16bulx6nd4dpLsNiO7S+78ayl3anYLW3in1Ymc2kunU1+Hoh8gMTiUTFtQ9AMkBoeSaQuKfoDE4FAybUHRD5AYHEqmLSj6ARKDQ8m0BUU/QGJwKJm2oOgHSJzK7VPMb2PKuWu60Gmkz1MbKqm/ARN1zps6Pp8RZaDrOfUaUFb1N7Xg/5BTDzl1hFOzxf9jAS9xP3LqMe41NRswEPASd/JPegqq6/fZp14Dij/fl1OnUOtUZ57FnNpcSS2njsd/jczG+1PNEjqf29dUp0tOnU7qLTn196mcGgfLWNkbLH/IIae6AQMBL3Ezt05NdwU731Gdu3RHBWYxp4YFIDE4lExbUPQDJAaHkmkLin6AxOBQMm1B0Q+QGBxKpi0o+gESg0PJtAVFP0BicCiZtqDoB0icy69cy/nH6voDJdMW6fPUhkrq2V9Lcezu1F+nfy+N6anRvp5TrwH6Tur3KXHqXZicKqfOR06VUwH8Kjg+t8ip9jeoZeMH65wxKQM59TiOEZXUcupMfuV+vl1pcNq+rlPNSDn1BSw7Ol1yqpz6NKkXz+16SmVFyqlPc+vUvZ/8m5F68o9mMaeGBSAxOJRMW1D0AyQGh5JpC4p+gMTgUDJtQdEPkBgcSqYtKPoBEoNDybQFRT9AYnAombag6AdInEtVJXVuCCXTFlf9n8/1Jzfmeno7pF/njEkxVFVSf0+Xd2oSkTm1fuVpSwFe4gFU1aca8XKqFzwO8BIPoNapuVM51Rs7DvAS91Jbn2qc7uXUKk8PBbzEvcipx3HU3lE5Tp28COAl7qKhkto4XdCpdqjnYzl1Cg2V1MbpXk61WuavAHiJ22mrpDZadnGq3y6nTqG5kjo3XE71escBXuIgrObUqAAkBoeSaQuKfoDE4FAybUHRD5AYHEqmLSj6ARKDQ8m0BUU/QGJwKJm2oOgHSAwOJdMWFP0AiXOpqqTe4JspWiqpL6Mm6Zw0L4OqSuo9vu2npervkVIV8BIPoK0+9d9GOfWBD6gOOfXvv5dGv+WQU+XUx2iuT/23cS+nZo+/3tU+dQo9Tt32jspy6vyXWPASd6FK6j/U1admfaw7qok0V1InvXs5Ndsip86iuZI6N3AXpzrtcuos2iqpjd2CnPr7X91RBWc1p0YFIDE4lExbUPQDJAaHkmkLin6AxOBQMm1B0Q+QGBxKpi0o+gESg0PJtAVFP0BicCiZtqDoB0iciyqpqz73/8akLZMfqYKXeACqpB5S9ZcdNRrwEg9A9alyKgM5VZXUANrqU3fYpyYRN8fzN6mHnHpzbLUcS7+mNlRSWzEDdc6YFEBPJfW/jQs61Q5tfDIwAvASd9FcSZ007uXU2xZ/hg7AS9xOWyX1tk+pbtv17j+LtkrqI98up/7+V3dUwVnNqVEBSAwOJdMWFP0AicGhZNqCoh8gMTiUTFtQ9AMkBoeSaQuKfoDE4FAybUHRD5AYHEqmLSj6ARLnUlVJnRtFybRF3ef+3xh7uvESfyaeNC+Dqkrqc8vaTk0iMqeWg+XUKbTVp8qp2bBDTp1Hg1OTIXLqTfsgwEvcS3Ml9bGxU51IOXUWDU7N1VUt6NTaSurzsZw6mLZK6k2caoeaPpZTZ9FQSb3596dmu9KSv2k3VeAlbqetktpo3MWphe16TR1JcyV1bgY5tSisG/ASB2E1p0YFIDE4lExbUPQDJAaHkmkLin6AxOBQMm1B0Q+QGBxKpi0o+gESg0PJtAVFP0BicCiZtqDoB0icS1Ul9SafUTVUUk/+gOrY3am1ldS5DwIWdGoSkTm9LaoaDXiJB1BbnyqnHjmn+vGDAC/xAKqcanyyKqfexA8CvMS91NanGvvXvZzqv+lrnzqFBqfmhi/o1IZKaitmHOAl7qKtkjrXuKBT7dDGJwMjAC9xFw2V1EbjXk69bfFn6AC8xO20VVLv8+5vxJnteko1i+ZK6j3vqEra9eQ/Pqs5NSoAicGhZNqCoh8gMTiUTFtQ9AMkBoeSaQuKfoDE4FAybUHRD5AYHEqmLSj6ARKDQ8m0BUU/QOJcmiup/0DJtEXd5/7fmLRFz1MnUlVJve1nVKqkfh/Vp6o+lYGcKqcCaKtP3WGfmkTcH1vx4wAvcS9tNf9J2IJO7amk1h3VYBoqqbe9ozp3lft4NOAl7qKhklpOLd8YTAC8xO2okvrEsPrUyYCXuB1VUp8Y4NSSDwu6AS9xEFZzalQAEoNDybQFRT9AYnAombag6AdIDA4l0xYU/QCJwaFk2oKiHyAxOJRMW1D0AyQGh5JpC4p+gMS5lFdSG5++UjJtUfe5/zfGmGuKxJ+5500NoKqS2mhc0KlJRObUKvufBniJB1BVn2q0yKlm41DASzyANqf+eyqnemPHAV7iXmrrU43TvZxa5emhgJe4lzanJr0LOrW5klpOHU9DJbXRu6BT7VBVUj9OQyV1tms3p/otcupg2iqpjYG7OLWkXU4dTE8ldYKceh8zAvASB2E1p0YFIDE4lExbUPQDJAaHkmkLin6AxOBQMm1B0Q+QGBxKpi0o+gESg0PJtAVFP0BicCiZtqDoB0ichJWe2rRRMm1R97n/NyZtmfm1FIecWt7uzLOaU5OIzKkzZM5qgJe4n9RhDZ6TU+XU6fhO/fzhEnBplFPl1Ce4eM4/tho3cmr2WE59gBKn3jau5tTaSmo59Rl+8pTdCejd/xKa97Gc+gyWUy8BVuNeTs22yKmPcXtr5Tdu4VSnXU59DGcDqnf/onY9+Y/Pak6NCkBicCiZtqDoB0gMDiXTFhT9AInB+SzB26t4D0BicN722BjeXsV7ABKFOORUQUFOFQzkVMFAThUM5FTBQE4VDP4HbHYAvWp08oQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" 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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. AD0-AD:- Address/Data bus multiplexed<br /><br />2. RESET:- RESET input<br /><br />3. CE bar:- chip enable<br /><br />4. ALE:- Arithmetic latch enable<br /><br />5. RD-bar:- Read input<br /><br />6. WR-bar:- Write input<br /><br />7. IO/M-bar:- I/O or memory<br /><br />8. PA0-PA7:- Port A<br /><br />9. PB0-PB7:- Port B<br /><br />10. PC0-PC7:- Port C<br /><br />11. TIMER-IN: Timer input signal<br /><br />12. TIMER-OUT-bar: Timer output</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-16398743619259837172013-05-14T08:02:00.002-07:002013-05-14T08:48:13.583-07:008155 programmable periferal interface, PPI<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8155 is a multifunction device. It contains RAM, i/o port and timer.</span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">8155 features:</span></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1. Two programmable 8 bit i/o ports</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2. One programmable 6 bit i/o ports</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3. One programmable 14 bit binary counter and timer.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4. </span>2kbits static RAM 256x8.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5. Address bus AD0- AD7</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">6. It contains an internal select logic for memory and i/o using a command register and two i/o ports.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">7. It can be easily interfaced with 8085 microprocessor.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-77398525960570872752013-04-22T11:19:00.003-07:002013-05-14T08:50:20.980-07:00Memory mapped input-output<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In this method, an I/O device is treated as a memory location. The microprocessor uses 16- bit address to identify and I/O device. Thus the memory map is shared between memory and I/O devices.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Memory-mapped I/</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">O uses the same<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"></span>to address both memory and I/O devices. The memory</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> and registers of the I/O devices are mapped to address values. So when an address is accessed by the CPU, it may refer to a portion of physical RAM, but it can also refer to memory of the I/O device. Thus, the CPU instructions used to access the memory can also be used for accessing devices.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-59579772709525523462013-04-22T11:07:00.005-07:002013-04-22T11:07:56.267-07:00programmable and nonprogrammable i/o ports<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Non-programmable I/O Port:</b> It behaves as an input port if it has been designed and connected in input mode. Similarly a port connected in output mode acts as an output port. Example: INTEL 8212 Programmable I/O Port: It can be programmed to act either as an input </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;">port or output port. In both the cases the electrical connections remain same.<br /> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Example: INTEL 8212<br /><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Programmable I/O Port:</b> It can be programmed to act either as an input port or output port. In both the cases the electrical connections remain same.<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Example: INTEL 8255</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-5130942508716211652013-04-22T10:52:00.001-07:002013-04-22T11:05:12.612-07:00Define coprocessor and need of coprocessor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Coprocessor is a single chip built for performing scientific computations at high speed. This chip is a companion to the original or host processor.</span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">A coprocessor is a computer processor used to supplement the functions of the primary processor (the CPU). It <span style="font-size: small;">can be</span> used to perform various operations. <span style="font-size: small;">It is used to perform specialized function.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The general-purpose processors such as 8086 or 8085 are not<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>optimized to do arithmetic manipulations, CRT display manipulation and<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>word processing. Hence we go for a coprocessor, which is capable of doing<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>dedicated functions (Special Operations) to increase the overall execution<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>speed of larger systems. </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; display: inline ! important; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">Coprocessor is connected in parallel with the main processor, and<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>they operate on the same buses with the same instruction byte stream. </span></span></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-73170338719806627222013-04-22T10:22:00.002-07:002013-04-22T10:27:40.047-07:00Latch and Clock pulse<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Latch: </b>A bistable circuit that is set and reset by appropriate input signals. An electronic circuit that records the status of a signal until it is reset. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A latch is a kind of bistable multivibrator, an electronic circuit which has two stable states and thereby can store one bit of information. Today the word is mainly used for simple transparent storage elements.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Clock Pulse:</b> A synchronization signal provided by a clock. A periodic signal used for </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">synchronization and for measuring intervals of time.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-40272258941136361892013-04-22T10:14:00.000-07:002013-04-22T10:14:07.523-07:00Packed BCD and Unpacked BCD<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Packed BCD:</b> Packed BCD Numbers are stored in two digits to a byte, in 4 bit groups referred to as nibbles. ALU is capable of performing only binary addition and subtraction, but </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;">by adjusting the sum or difference the correct result in packed BCD format.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Unpacked BCD:</b> Unpacked BCD Format: In Unpacked BCD, there is only one digit per byte and because of this, unpacked multiplication and division can be done. Binary operations act on single bytes and the results are adjusted. For Division, the adjustment is done before the binary division.</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-32552361336402728432013-04-22T09:51:00.002-07:002013-04-22T09:51:41.998-07:00Control and status signal in 8085<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>ALE , RD, WR, IO/M, S1, S2</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b><br /><b>ALE</b>-Address Latch Enable<br /><b>RD</b> – Read Control Signal<br /><b>WR</b> – Write Control Signal<br /><b>IO/M</b> - To specify I/O or memory operation<br /><b>S1 , S2</b> – Status signals</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-18444663844732643662013-04-22T09:08:00.000-07:002013-04-22T09:08:05.529-07:00Define Real Time System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Real Time Systems are those in which timeliness is as important as the correctness of the outputs, although this does not mean that they have to be “fast systems”.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-82300350083620062622013-04-22T08:58:00.001-07:002013-04-22T08:59:22.556-07:00Use of microprocessor in medical instrumentation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Patient Monitoring in Intensive Care Unit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Pathological Analysis and the measurement of parameters like blood pressure and temperature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Measurement of heart activity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Ultrasound Processing unit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. MRI scanning</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. CT scanning etc.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-4109360544616743692013-04-22T08:54:00.001-07:002013-04-22T09:06:12.421-07:00Assembly Language, Machine Language<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Assembly Language: </b>It<b> </b>is human understandable language that is written by language. It is a medium of communication with a computer in which programs are written in mnemonics. Binary instructions are given abbreviated names called mnemonics, which form </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the assembly language for a given processor. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Machine Language:</b> As we know that a machine can understand only binary digit either 0 or 1. Generally a program is written in high level language like C or in assembly language that is only understandable to human. a machine can't understand high level language or assembly language. So that it is converted into binary form that is understandable by a machine is known as Machine Language.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-67203365630342862122013-04-22T08:42:00.002-07:002013-04-22T08:43:13.334-07:00System Bus, Address Bus, Data Bus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>System Bus:</b> The System bus is a communication path between the microprocessor and peripherals. It is nothing but a group of wires to</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> carry bits.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Address Bus:</b> The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24 or 32 parallel signal lines. On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the memory location that is to be written to or read from. The number of address lines determines the number of memory locations that the CPU can address. If the CPU has N address lines, then it can directly address 2^N memory locations. Simply, we can say that Address Bus is used to carry the address of memory location.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Example:</b> if there are 16 lines then it can address 2^16 = 64 KB memory location.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Data Bus:</b> The data bus consists of 8, 16, or 32 parallel signal lines. The data bus lines are bidirectional. This means that the CPU can read data in from memory or from a port on these lines, or it can send data out to memory or to a port on these lines. Simply we can say that data bus is used to carry the data.</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-82942657490101243222013-04-22T07:49:00.000-07:002013-04-22T07:50:09.636-07:00What is CPU and its uses<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CPU is a heart of the computer. Central processing Unit controls the operation of the computer. In a microcomputer the CPU is a microprocessor. The CPU fetches binary coded instructions from memory, decodes the instructions into a series of </span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;">simple actions and carries out these actions in a sequence of steps.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides as output.</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-35178213327110451072013-04-22T07:44:00.003-07:002013-04-22T08:43:35.300-07:00Microprocessor as programmable device<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"> input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides as output.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Microprocessor is programmable because it can be instructed to perform given tasks within its capability. Microprocessor is designed to understand and execute many binary instructions.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-66545556897060096912013-04-22T07:36:00.002-07:002013-04-22T07:45:58.204-07:00Difference between hardware and software<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The physical components of the system i.e. computer are called Hardware. Group of programs is called software.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Program is set of instruction that is used to perform a particular instruction.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Example:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Now we are taking example of a PC.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Like Monitor, CPU, CD drives, mouse, keyboard comes under <b>Hardware.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">But hardware alone cannot operate a PC. then it needs software to perform its operation.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Like operating system(Window XP, Window 7, Linux etc) comes under <b>software.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Another example of mobile</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Like screen, keypad, processor are hardware component and software used like android is used to operate it.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-57720826218189491102013-04-22T07:23:00.001-07:002013-04-22T07:25:59.162-07:00Define Microprocessor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides as output.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-55167203894486904212013-02-17T12:35:00.000-08:002013-02-17T12:40:11.862-08:00What is 8085 Microprocessor<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">he microprocessor is a small VLSI
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<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is controlled by
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Several registers which stores
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Registers main
function is storing data, some of them can be used by the programmer and some
can not, and used only by the processor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most important
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<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Accumulator: also known as A-register, is used for storing the results of
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<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Instruction register: used to store the current instruction that are being
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<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Program counter: stores the address of the next instruction to be executed.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
Buffer register: stores data temporarily.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Status register: stores the current state of the instruction that are being
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Stack pointer: points to (stores the location of) the place in the main memory
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-18512069824776575332012-09-25T14:29:00.003-07:002012-09-25T14:35:51.842-07:00Difference between address and data bus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3962918222532147464.post-20038605148524742452012-06-06T19:17:00.003-07:002012-06-08T16:47:26.694-07:00Addressing Modes in 8085<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There are five addressing modes in 8085.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. Immediate Addressing Mode: -</b> An immediate is transferred directly to the register.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Eg: -</b> MVI A, 30H (30H is copied into the register A)</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> MVI B,40H(40H is copied into the register B).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. Register Addressing Mode: -</b> Data is copied from one register to another register.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Eg: -</b> MOV B, A (the content of A is copied into the register B)</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> MOV A, C (the content of C is copied into the register A).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. Direct Addressing Mode: -</b> Data is directly copied from the given address to the register.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Eg: -</b> LDA 3000H (The content at the location 3000H is copied to the register A).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>4. Indirect Addressing Mode: -</b> The data is transferred from the address pointed by the data in a register to other register.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Eg: -</b> MOV A, M (data is transferred from the memory location pointed by the regiser to the accumulator).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>5.Implied Addressing Mode: -</b> This mode doesn't require any operand. The data is specified by opcode itself.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Eg: -</b> RAL</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> CMP</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12606649198423329032noreply@blogger.com36